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Tuesday, October 21, 2014

G-Delta Sets and First Countability (3.30.1)

James Munkres Topology, chapter 3.30, exercise 1:

MathJax TeX Test Page (a) A Gδ set in a space X is a countable intersection of open sets of X. Show that in a first-countable T1 space, every one-point set is a Gδ set.
(b) There is a familiar space wherein every one-point set is a Gδ set, which is nevertheless not first countable. What is it?

Proof: (a) Let xX, and let {Bi} be a countable basis at x. Suppose yBi while yx. Then since X is T1, let U be a neighborhood of x not containing y. We see U is open and contains x, yet contains no element of the basis {Bi} seeing as yU, a contradiction.

(b) Let ω be under the box topology. Then given xω, when we let Un=(xn1/n,xn+1/n) we see Un={x}, so that every one-point set in ω is Gδ. To show that ω is not first countable, suppose {Bn} is a countable basis at any particular point x. Then for each n, we may choose an interval (an,bn) such that xn(an,bn)πn(Bn). Hence, let U=(an,bn); we see xU yet BnU for all n since πn(Bn)πn(U), so that {Bn} is not a countable basis at x, a contradiction. 

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