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Saturday, April 23, 2016

Multiple Representations are Required to Identify the Pole Set of a Rational Function (2.4.20)

William Fulton Algebraic Curves, chapter 2, section 4, exercise 20:

MathJax TeX Test Page Let k be algebraically closed, and consider the rational function f=x/y=z/w over the algebraic variety V=Z(xwyz) in A4(k). Show that the pole set of f is precisely {(t1,0,t2,0) | t1,t2k}, and that it is impossible to write f=a/b for b(p)0 for all pV outside the pole set of f.

Proof: First of all, y and w are nonzero on points of V, so they are nonzero in Γ(V). As well, I(Z(xwyz))=(xwyz) since xwyz is irreducible. Let Jf={GΓ(V) | GfΓ(V)}. It is clear that Jf is an ideal in Γ(V), and that y,wJf. Suppose gf=uΓ(V) for some gk[x,z]; then we may write gxuy=0mod(xwyz) gx=0mod(xw,y) from which we conclude g=0, so that Jf=(y,w). This allows us to conclude that the denominator of f in any way that we write it will always have {(t1,0,t2,0)} as zeros, so that this is precisely the pole set of f. Suppose we could write f=a/b with b having zeros precisely at the pole set of f; this would be to say Z(b,xwyz)=Z(y,w,xwyz)=(Z)(y,w) Z(b,xwyz)Z(x,z)=Z(x,y,w,z) Z(b,x,z)={(0,0,0,0)} Since b(y,w)Γ(V), it will thus suffice to show that given b(y,w)k[y,w], we may find a zero besides (0,0). Indeed, this is equivalent to showing Z(b)=Z(y,w) is impossible. Indeed, every nonconstant polynomial in multiple variables over an algebraically closed field has infinitely many zeros (1.2.14), while Z(y,w) is just a single point. 

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