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Friday, January 30, 2015

Contractibility is Not Equivalent to One-Point Homotopy Type (9.58.8)

James Munkres Topology, chapter 9.58, exercise 8:

MathJax TeX Test Page Find a space X and a point x0X such that the inclusion {x0}X is a homotopy equivalence, but {x0} is not a deformation retract of X.

Proof: Let X be the subset of ℝ^2 consisting of those lines (1/n)×I for n∈ℕ, as well as 0×I and I×0, and let x_0=(0,1). Then the map F : X×I→X F((x,y),t)=\left\{ \begin{array} \{ (x,(1-3)y) & t∈[0,1/3] \\ ((2-3t)x,0) & t∈[1/3,2/3] \\ (0,3t-2) & t∈[2/3,1] \end{array} \right. is a homotopy between the identity on X and the constant map onto x_0, so that X is contractible. But suppose \{x_0\} is a deformation retract of X via the map F : X×I→X, i.e. a homotopy between the two mentioned above such that F(x_0×I)=\{x_0\}. For each n let x_n=(1/n)×1; then since each ρ_n : I→X given by ρ_n(t)=F(x_n,t) is a path from x_n to x_0, let t_n∈I be such that π_2(F(x_n,t_n))=0. Since I is compact, let t_{n_i}→α be a convergent subsequence. Then (x_{n_i},t_{n_i})→(x_0,α) yet F(x_{n_i},t_{n_i}) \not → x_0 since every term of this sequence has second coordinate 0.~\square

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