(a) Let f(x),g(x)∈Q[x] with xr the maximal power of x dividing both f(x) and g(x), and let fr and gr be the coefficients of xr in f(x) and g(x) respectively. Then Zfr+Zgr=Zdr for some nonzero drQ. Prove there is a polynomial d(x)∈Q[x] such that d(x) is a gcd of f(x) and g(x), and its minimal term is drxr.
(b) Prove f(x)=d(x)q1(x) and g(x)=d(x)q2(x) for some q1(x),q2(x)∈R.
(c) Prove d(x)=f(x)a(x)+g(x)b(x) for some a(x),b(x)∈R.
(d) Conclude Rf(x)+Rg(x)=Rd(x) in Q[x], implying in part that R is a Bezout domain.
(e) Show that there must be ideals of R which are not finitely generated, and in fact xQ[x] is an ideal of R that is not finitely generated.
Proof: (a) We can compute the gcd of f(x) and g(x) in the Euclidean domain Q[x]. By the Euclidean algorithm we have d(x)=v1(x)f(x)+v2g(x) for some polynomials v1(x),v2(x)∈Q, so that xr∣d(x). Furthermore, letting fr be the one of its pair that is guaranteed nonzero, by d(x)∣f(x) we must have the coefficient of xr in d(x) is nonzero. Since this gcd is unique up to multiplication by a nonzero rational number, we can arrange for a gcd d(x) with minimal term drxr.
(b) Since Zfr+Zgr=Zdr we have drq1=fr and drq2=gr for some q1,q2∈Z. By definition of a gcd we have f(x)=d(x)q1(x) and g(x)=d(x)q2(x) for some q1(x),q2(x)∈Q[x], and by observation we see the constant terms of q1(x) and q2(x) are q1 and q2 respectively, putting these polynomials in R.
(c) We can observe d(x)=f(x)a(x)+g(x)b(x) for some a(x),b(x)∈Q[x], and by 9.2.11 we have a full solution set for a(x),b(x) given bya′(x)=a(x)+m(x)g(x)d(x)
b′(x)=b(x)−m(x)f(x)d(x)
as m(x) ranges over Q[x].
Assume fr and gr are nonzero. First, observe that dr=frα+grβ for some α,β∈Z, so that 1=frdrα+grdrβ, implying that vf=frdr is relatively prime to vg=grdr (which are, foremost, seen to be integers).
Letting a and b be the constant terms of a(x) and b(x) respectively, we can see by our mentioned equation that (frxr)a+(grxr)b=drxr, so that fra+grb=dr implying vfa+vgb=1. As such, we can see vfz1+vgz2=vfa+vgb for some z1,z2∈Z, so that vfz1−vfa=−vgz2+vgb and we can set m=z1−avg=−z2+bvf
so that with some manipulation and replacement we havez1=a+mgrdr
z2=b−mfrdr
Now, by letting m(x)=m and taking the solutions a′(x) and b′(x) as above, by noting that the constant terms of f(x)d(x) and g(x)d(x) must be frdr and grdr respectively we see that the equations above actually describe the constant terms of a′(x) and b′(x), which implies a′(x),b′(x)∈R.
Assume one of fr or gr is zero, letting fr be the nonzero. Since now dr∣fr and fr∣dr we have fr=±dr, so that in the equation d(x)=f(x)a(x)+g(x)b(x) we can see the constant term of a(x) must be ±1 as the latter summand doesn't affect the sum coefficient of xr. Continuing the terminology of the last procession we still have the same complete set of solutions, although observing the constant terms z1 and z2 of a′(x) and b′(x) simplifying toz1=a+mgrdr=a=±1
z2=b−mfrdr=b−m
So choose m(x)=b so that a′(x),b′(x)∈R are valid solutions.
(d) This is evident from parts (a) and (c) as greatest common divisors in R both exist and are expressible as R-linear combinations of elements from R, so that ( f(x),g(x) )=( d(x) ). This implies every finitely generated ideal of R is principle, i.e. R is a Bezout domain.
(e) Since R has been shown in the previous exercise to not be a UFD, it cannot be a PID, so that R must contain infinitely generated nonprinciple ideals. Now, assume xQ[x]=(a1,...,an) is finitely generated; then xQ⊆xQ[x]=a1R+...+anR. By observing the first degree terms, we have Q=a1Z+...+anZ, which translates to saying that Q as an additive group is finitely generated by the ai, a contradiction by 2.4.14(d). ◻
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